What can matrix effects lead to during analyses?

Matrix effects refer to the impact that the sample's components (other than the analyte of interest) can have on the analytical measurement. When the sample matrix influences the instrument's response, it can lead to erroneous results. This is particularly critical in analytical chemistry, where detecting low concentrations of an analyte amidst various other substances is common.

For instance, if the matrix contains substances that interact with the analyte or the measuring instrument in unforeseen ways, it can either enhance or suppress the signal corresponding to the analyte. This can result in inaccurate quantification, leading to misinterpretation of the sample's actual composition or concentration.

Understanding and mitigating matrix effects is vital for ensuring the reliability and accuracy of analytic results. This can involve using techniques such as matrix-matched calibrations or internal standards, which help in correcting the responses obtained from real sample matrices.